Nutritional Intake Patterns of Pregnant Women as a Causal Factor in the Incidence of Cleft Lip and Palate: Cross Sectional Study and Bibliometric Analysis

Abstract

Nutritional intake patterns of pregnant women influence the occurrence of cleft lip and palate. Intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and micronutrients (vitamin A, vitamin B12, folic acid) are at risk of causing cleft lip and palate (CLP). Aim of the study: to examine the relationship between the nutritional intake patterns of pregnant women and the incidence of CLP. Methodology: First, a retrospective crosssectional study design was used with a sample of 49 respondents, mothers of patients with CLP who underwent labiopalatoplasty at Jember Lung Hospital from 2019 to 2024. The questionnaire included a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and vitamin intake assessment. The FFQ was created by the National Cancer Institute. FFQ has indicators of carbohydrate consumption, fat consumption, protein consumption. FFQ is in the form of a likert scale. The vitamin intake assessment was adopted and modified from the supplement frequency questionnaire (SFQ) created by the American Society for Nutrition. Vitamin intake assessment has indicators: vitamin A consumption, folic acid consumption, and vitamin B12 consumption. Statistical analysis was conducted using the JMP statistical program with a significance level of p < 0.05. Second, a bibliometric performance analysis based on a literature meta-analysis of Scopus data from August 2024, which produced 1915 article metadata, was used. Network analysis, such as visualization of network metrics, clustering visualization, and density visualization, was conducted. Main findings: The study found that inadequate protein intake was associated with an increased risk of cleft lip and palate (odds ratio (OR) = 1.3346 times greater, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.0063–0.7530) than adequate protein intake, with a significant OR value (p-value 0.0283).