Efektivitas Komposisi dan Durasi Intervensi High-Fat and High-Fructose (HFHF) Diet sebagai Model Hewan Sindrom Metabolik: sebuah Tinjauan Sistematis dan MetaAnalisis

Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ethical, cost, and environmental limitations restrict human studies, highlighting the importance of animal models. Induction of a high-fat and high-fructose (HFHF) diet is commonly used to model metabolic syndrome; however, heterogeneity in dietary composition and intervention duration has limited protocol standardization. This study aimed to identify the most effective HFHF dietary induction pattern as an animal model of metabolic syndrome through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Scopus, EBSCOHost, ProQuest, SAGE, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, and Google Scholar. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias Tool. Eligible studies were analyzed qualitatively, and those providing extractable numerical data were included in a quantitative meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.4. Primary outcomes included body weight, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, and systolic blood pressure. Results: Of 2,853 identified studies, 24 met the inclusion criteria, with 15 included in the meta-analysis. The HFHF diet significantly increased body weight in subgroup analyses based on dietary composition, indicating successful induction of obesity (MD = 31.17; 95% CI: 19.59–42.75; p < 0.00001). The greatest weight gain was observed with diets containing >40% fat and >25% fructose over 8–12 weeks. Additionally, the HFHF diet significantly increased dyslipidemia, fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and systolic blood pressure. Subgroup analyses indicated that optimal dietary composition and intervention duration varied across metabolic outcomes. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the HFHF diet in inducing an animal model of metabolic syndrome is influenced by dietary composition and intervention duration.