dc.description.abstract | Orientasi berbagai program penanggulangan kemiskinan yang ada hanya
menitikberatkan pada salah satu dimensi dari gejala-gejala kemiskinan sehingga
mencerminkan pendekatan program yang bersifat parsial, sektoral, charity dan
tidak menyentuh akar penyebab kemiskinan. Akibatnya program-program tersebut
belum efektif mampu mengurangi angka kemiskinan dan tidak mampu
menumbuhkan kemandirian masyarakat yang pada akhirnya tidak akan mampu
mewujudkan aspek keberlanjutan (sustainability) dari program-program
penanggulangan kemiskinan.
Kabupaten Bondowoso sebagai bagian dari propinsi Jawa Timur
merupakan salah satu dari 8 (delapan) daerah tertingggal dan dikategorikan
memiliki penduduk miskin terbanyak sehingga program pengentasan kemiskinan
juga telah bergulir pada masyarakat Bondowoso untuk daerah perkotaan program
yang ada yaitu Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) Mandiri
Perkotaan. Namun dari 5 (lima) Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat yang ada pada
tahun 2003 hanya 1 (satu) Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat yang mampu
berkembang, 4 (empat) lainnya dinyatakan kolaps.
Untuk mendapatkan dana
PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan, pada pertengahan tahun 2006 dilaksanakan review
Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat sehingga pada tahun 2007 Badan Keswadayaan
Masyarakat yang mendapatkan alokasi dana PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan berjumlah
5 (lima) Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat. Pada pencairan dana Bantuan
Langsung Masyarakat tahun 2008 terjadi kesimpang siuran berita dan perubahan
alokasi dana Bantuan Langsung Masyarakat sehingga menimbulkan kecurigaan
dan iri dari Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat yang lain.
Permasalahan lain yang dihadapi Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat yang
ada di Kecamatan Bondowoso Kabupaten Bondowoso sampai saat ini adalah
keterlambatan waktu pelaksanaan dan pencairan dana terminnya. Hal ini
menyebabkan jadwal yang ada tidak sesuai dengan waktu pelaksanaan. Selain itu
kurangnya kepercayaan dan kesadaran masyarakat pada kegiatan PNPM Mandiri
Perkotaan menyebabkan hasil PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan tidak bertahan lama dan
belum adanya pihak yang mau bermitra dengan Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: Bagaimana
implementasi Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perkotaan
(PNPM MP) di Kecamatan Bondowoso Kabupaten Bondowoso.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, tidak melakukan
pengujian hipotesis, dan hanya mendeskripsikan data kualitatif yang diperoleh
dari hasil observasi dan wawancara. Meskipun demikian data kualitatif yang
diperoleh dari dokumen resmi juga digunakan untuk memperkuat temuan
penelitian. Informan penelitian adalah PPK PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan, Kepala
Kecamatan Bondowoso, Kepala Desa/Kelurahan lokasi PNPM MP, Ketua RT
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Penerima manfaat program PNPM MP, Ketua LKM, Faskel, secara acak
masyarakat yang menerima manfaat serta masyarakat sekitar penerima manfaat.
Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa untuk kelancaran dan tertib administrasi
pelaksanaan PNPM Mandiri (PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan/P2KP) di Kabupaten
Bondowoso maka dibentuk Tim Pengarah Kabupaten yang tertuang dalam
Keputusan Bupati Bondowoso Nomor : 600/741/430.42/2009 tanggal 30 Juni
2009 tentang Tim Pengarah Kabupaten Program Nasional Pemberdayaan
Masyarakat Mandiri (PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan/P2KP). Dalam melaksanakan
tugasnya anggota Tim Pengarah Kabupaten di bantu oleh Penanggung Jawab
Operasional Kegiatan PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan/P2KP. Dalam hal pengawasan
selain telah ada pengawasan melekat dari pendamping/fasilitator juga ada
pembina teknis dari Dinas Bina Marga dan Cipta Karya. Pelaksanaan PNPM MP
terbagi menjadi 4 tahap yaitu tahap persiapan masyarakat, tahap perencanaan,
tahap pencairan dan tahap pelaksanaan kegiatan.
Implementasi Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri
Perkotaan (PNPM MP) di Kecamatan Bondowoso Kabupaten Bondowoso telah
berjalan dengan kualifikasi kurang baik. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang
menggunakan model Edward III, diketahui: 1). faktor komunikasi yang meliputi;
transmisi, kejelasan dan konsistensi, yang berasumsi bahwa faktor komunikasi
pelaksanaan PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan tergolong baik di tingkat pelaksana namun
kurang di tingkat masyarakat di sekitar lokasi penerima dana PNPM Mandiri
Perkotaan. 2). faktor sumber-sumber yang meliputi: sumber daya manusia,
informasi, wewenang dan fasilitas, secara umum tergolong kurang baik. Hanya
jumlah dana yang mendukung implementasi PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan di
Kecamatan Bondowoso Kabupaten Bondowoso. 3). faktor disposisi atau
kecenderungan kurang baik walaupun ada komitmen dan kerelaan dari agen
pelaksanan untuk melaksanakan program namun masih ada motif pribadi atau
politik dan belum ada kesepahaman yang utuh dengan masyarakat penerima
manfaat. Kecenderungan dan sikap agen pelaksana dan masyarakat dipengaruhi
oleh kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat, sehingga dengan mengetahui dan
memahami kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat motif dan kepentingan pribadi agen
pelaksana dapat ditekan seminimal mungkin dan fragmentasi dapat dihindarkan.
Pada instansi yang menjadi anggota tim pengarah variabel disposisi dapat dilihat
dari keseriusan mereka dalam memberikan dukungan pada kelancaran dan
pengendalian pelaksanaan kegiatan PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan di wilayah
kerjanya. 4) faktor Struktur Birokrasi berupa Standard Operating Procedures
(SOP) cukup baik karena didukung oleh sumber-sumber yang diperlukan dalam
pelaksanaan implementasi PNPM MP antara lain adanya Keputusan Bupati
Bondowoso Nomor : 600/741/430.42/2009 tentang Tim Pengarah Kabupaten
Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri (PNPM Mandiri
Perkotaan/P2KP). Akan tetapi fragmentasi kebijakan terjadi karena kurang adanya
kesepahaman antara pelaksana kebijakan dengan kepala wilayah sehingga
kualifikasinya kurang baik
Kata Kunci: Implementasi Kebijakan, Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, PNPM Mandiri
Perkotaan ...The orientation of the existing various poverty management programs are
only focused on one of dimensions of symptoms of poverty, so they reflect the
approach to programs that are partial, sectoral, charitable and do not touch the root
causes of poverty. As a result, the programs have not been able to effectively
reduce poverty rate and are unable to grow community independence that
ultimately will not be able to realize the sustainability aspect of poverty
management programs.
Bondowoso as a part of East Java province is one of the 8 (eight) regions
which are left-behind and categorized to have the highest number of poor
populations, so that the available poverty alleviation programs have also been
rolling for Bondowoso citizens to urban areas, namely National Program for
Community Empowerment (PNPM) Urban. However, of the 5 (five) Community
Self-Supporting Agency that existed in 2003, there was only 1 (one) Community
Self-Supporting Agency that could develop while the other 4 (four) agencies were
declared collapse. In purpose of gaining the funds of PNPM Urban Independence,
in mid-2006 a review of Community Independence Agency was held, so in 2007,
the number of agencies that obtained funding allocation of PNPM Urban
Independence was 5 (five). In the settlement of the funds for Community
Assistance in 2008 there was overlap of information and changes in the allocation
of the funds so this caused suspicion and envy from the other community
independence agencies.
Another issue faced by the community independence agencies that exist in
District Bondowoso, Bondowoso Regency until now is the time delay in the
implementation and settlement of term funds. This causes the existing schedule
not in line with the time of execution. In addition, the lack of community trust and
awareness on the activities of PNPM Urban Independence causes the result of
PNPM Urban Independence to last not long and the absence of parties who want
to be in partnership with the Community Independence Agency.
This research was intended to answer the question: How is implementation
of the National Program of Urban Self Empowerment (PNPM MP) in District of
Bondowoso, Bondowoso Regency. This research used a qualitative approach, did
not test hypotheses, and only described the qualitative data obtained from
observations and interviews. Nevertheless, the qualitative data obtained from
official documents were also used to strengthen the research findings. The
research informants were District Supervisory Committee of PNPM Urban
Independence, Chief of District of Bondowoso, Head of Village/Sub-District of
PNPM MP, Chairman of Neighbourhood Group obtaining the advantage of
PNPM MP Program, chairman of the Community Independence Agency, subdistrict
facilitator, in random people who received the benefit as well as the
surrounding community obtaining the advantage of the program.
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Based on the research results it was found that for the smoothness and
good administration of the implementation of PNPM Mandiri (PNPM Mandiri
Perkotaan/P2KP) in Bondowoso Regency, the Regency Steering Team was
formed as stipulated in Decree of the Head of Bondowoso Regency Number:
600/741/430.42/2009 dated June 30, 2009 on the Steering Team of District for
National Program for Community Empowerment of Urban Independence (PNPM
Mandiri Perkotaan/P2KP). In performing their duties, the members of District
Steering Team were assisted by the Operational Activities Officer of P2KP PNPM
Mandiri. In terms of supervision, in addition to existing oversight of the
supervisor/facilitator, there were is also technical advisers of the Department of
Bina Marga and Cipta Karya. The implementation of PNPM of Urban
Independence was divided into four phases, namely the preparatory stage, the
planning stage, the settlement stage and the activities implementation stage.
The Implementation of The National Community Empowerment Program
of Urban Independence (PNPM MP) in District of Bondowoso, Bondowoso
Regency were classified as less good. Based on the analysis using Edward III
model, it was known: 1). communication factor that included: transmission,
clarity and consistency, which assumed that the implementation of the
communication factor of PNPM Urban Independence was classified as good at the
executing stage but poor at the community level in the vicinity of PNPM Urban
grantees. 2). Factor of sources that included: human resources, information,
authority and facilities, generally were classified as less good. Only the amount of
fund supported the implementation of PNPM of Urban Independence in District
of Bondowoso, Bondowoso Regency. 3).Factors of unfavorable disposition or bad
tendency, although there was a commitment and willingness of the executing
agents of to implement the program, but there was still a personal or political
motive, and there was no total agreement with the grantee communities. Trends
and attitudes of executing agents and communities were affected by social and
cultural conditions, so that by recognizing and understanding the social and
cultural conditions of the community, the personal interest and motives of the
executing agents can be reduced to a minimum level and fragmentation can be
avoided. At institutions that became the members of the steering team, disposition
variable can be seen from their seriousness in providing support to smoothness
and control of the implementation of PNPM Urban Independence in their working
area. 4) Factor of Bureaucratic Structure of the Standard Operating Procedures
(SOP) was good enough because it was supported by the necessary resources in
the implementation of the PNPM MP, among others, the decree of the Head of
Bondowoso Regency No. 600/741/430.42/2009 on District Steering Team of the
National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM Mandiri
Perkotaan/P2KP). However, the policy fragmentation occurred because of lack of
understanding among policy implementers with the regional head, so that the
qualifications were less good.
Keywords: Policy Implementation, Community Empowerment, PNPM Urban
Independence | en_US |