Pengembangan e-LKPD Berbantuan Animasi dengan Metode Spiral untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Hasil Belajar Siswa SD Kelas V di Jember

Abstract

Abstract presentation of natural and social sciences materials in elementary schools, particularly regarding the earth’s layer structure and tectonic movements, often causes visual limitations and misconceptions due to low interactivity in conventional media. A preliminary needs analysis revealed that students struggle to visualize abstract geological concepts, highlighting an urgent demand for interactive, visually engaging learning aids. Therefore, this research aims to develop, validate, analyze the practicality, and evaluate the effectiveness of an innovative digital student worksheet (e-LKPD) assisted by animation clips based on Jerome Bruner’s and Harden’s spiral learning model for fifth-grade students. Using a Research and Development (R&D) method with the 4D framework integrated with a quasi-experimental Non-Equivalent Groups Design, this study was conducted in Silo District, Jember. The product design was validated by content, media, and instructional specialists, incorporating enactive, iconic, and symbolic phases. Data collection measured six dimensions of critical thinking and cognitive knowledge domains. The results revealed that the e-LKPD is highly valid, practical, and efficient in managing cognitive load. Statistical analysis using the Normalized Gain (N-Gain) metric revealed a high-level increase in both cognitive performance (mean g = 0.78) and critical thinking capacities (mean g = 0.78). Furthermore, Paired Samples T-Test results confirmed a highly significant divergence (p < 0.001) in academic competencies before and after the treatment. In conclusion, this digital learning framework serves as a reliable benchmark for developing student-centered media aligned with the Merdeka Curriculum.