Spiritualism in A Christmas Carol by Dickens (1843) into its Film Adaptation by Mattel (2008)

Abstract

This study aims to analyze how spiritualism is constructed in A Christmas Carol by Dickens (1843) and its film adaptation Barbie in A Christmas Carol by Mattel (2008). The research aims to identify the adaptation process of spiritualism from the novel to the film, and to reveal the commodification that is influenced by different context. This study employs a qualitative method, using Linda Hutcheon's adaptation theory as the main framework and Nick Lacey's image analysis to examine the visual elements in the film. The data were collected through close reading of the novel, careful watching of the film, and were supported by books, journal articles, website, and capture image from the film as supporting data. The findings show that spiritualism in the novel is constructed through supernatural elements, the moral transformation of the main character, and Christian values that emphasize love, generosity, and social concern. In the film, the moral messages are preserved, but there are various adjustments in character, plot, and visual presentation to suit the target audience and the purposes of the entertainment industry. In addition, this study finds that spiritualism in the film Barbie in A Christmas Carol (2008) is not only constructed as an entertainment and moral education, but also part of Mattel's marketing strategy for the Barbie brand. Overall, this study shows that adaptation does not just move a story to a new medium. The meaning of spiritualism itself changes based on social, cultural, and the adapter’s purposes.