Produksi Nanoselulosa dari Kertas Bekas Menggunakan Kombinasi Metode Hidrolisis Asam Sulfat dan Ultrasonikasi

Abstract

Paper waste is one of the major solid waste streams that remains underutilized despite its high cellulose content, making it a promising raw material for value-added nanocellulose production. This study aimed to produce nanocellulose from waste HVS paper using a combination of sulfuric acid hydrolysis and ultrasonication and to evaluate its particle size, morphology, and functional groups. The process began with a pre-treatment using NaOH solution, followed by hydrolysis with 35% H₂SO₄ for 90 and 120 minutes and ultrasonication at power levels of 500-550 W for 2-3 hours with material ratios of 0.4-0.8%. Characterization was conducted using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that hydrolysis for 90 minutes combined with ultrasonication at 500 W for 3 hours and a material ratio of 0.8% produced the smallest particle size of 249 ± 54.3 nm. SEM analysis revealed the disruption of cellulose fiber structures, although particle agglomeration was still observed. FTIR analysis indicated shifts in the –OH and –CH₂ absorption bands, suggesting increased structural ordering of cellulose. These findings demonstrate that the combination of sulfuric acid hydrolysis and ultrasonication has the potential to produce nanocellulose under optimum conditions, although further process optimization is required to minimize agglomeration and improve particle homogeneity.