Realisasi Pengujaran Fonem Anak Penyandang Tunagrahita: Studi Kasus pada Raditya Miroslav Septian

Abstract

This study aims to describe the realization of phoneme pronunciation in a child with intellectual disability and to identify the factors affecting the child's phoneme pronunciation difficulties. This research employed a qualitative approach using a case study design. The subject of the study was Raditya Miroslav Septian, an eighth-grade student at SMPLB-BCD YPAC Jember who was categorized as having moderate intellectual disability. The data consisted of phonemes produced by the subject and interview results obtained from the parent and homeroom teacher. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using probing techniques and analyzed using the distributional method with immediate constituent analysis, deletion, substitution, insertion, and transformation techniques. The findings revealed that Raditya was able to pronounce most Indonesian vowel phonemes accurately and consistently. However, various articulation disorders were found in consonant phonemes and diphthongs, including substitution, omission, addition, and distortion. The most dominant error was phoneme substitution, particularly the changes of /r/ to /l/, /v/ to /p/, and /c/ to /t/. The factors influencing pronunciation difficulties included medical factors such as intellectual impairment and articulatory organ abnormalities, cognitive factors related to delayed language and thinking development, and social environmental factors including limited verbal interaction and the absence of continuous speech therapy. These findings support previous studies concerning phonological disorders in children with intellectual disabilities and provide a more detailed description of phoneme realization in a child with moderate intellectual disability.