| dc.description.abstract | Did the people’s response to the crisis change over time? Using three
different crisis experiences in the 1930s, the 1940s, and the late 1990s, the article
will examine how the local society of Besuki (residency) in East Java, responding to
them. The three crises put a strong blow to the livelihoods of the local people. But the
adversity of the impact was unevenly felt by different groups of people, depending
on the nature of their material bases and the availability of alternative sources of
income. It inds that there were similarities in the people’s responses. During the
three events, some sought to ind a relief in agriculture, retail trade, and forest
sectors, apart from making adjustments in expenditure and consumption patterns
to mitigate the adverse consequences of the crises. But for those who found no other
alternatives, the crises forced them to do illegal activities, including lootings, stealings,
and illegal logging. Such adaptive responses seem to have been quite common. Crises
also meant a higher number of crimes. | en_US |
