E F E K T IVIT AS P E NY USUNA N P E RENC AN AA N AN GG AR A N L OG IS T IK M E L ALUI P E ND E K A T AN PAR TICI PATOR Y DI R S UD Dr . M OH A M AD S ALE H K OT A P ROB OL INGG O
Abstract
L
ogist
ics
p
l
ann
ing
i
s
ne
e
de
d
b
y
hospi
tal
e
spec
ial
ly
planni
ng
c
onduc
ted
in
part
icipator
y
.
If
it
is
sti
l
l
done
w
it
h
a
top
down
approac
h,
the
re
ali
zati
o
n
of
to
buy
e
quipme
nt
hospi
tal
s
are
not
ful
fi
l
led
based
on
the
sc
ale
of
prior
it
y
ne
e
ds
in
a
unit
of
w
ork
w
it
h
the
int
e
n
t
of
the
planni
ng
that
is
made
a
superior
not
ac
c
ordi
n
g
to
w
hat
is
ac
tual
ly
ne
e
de
d
by
any
u
nit
in
hosp
it
al.
T
he
ge
ne
ral
objec
ti
v
e
of
thi
s
re
se
arch
w
as
t
o
assess
the
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
the
prepa
rati
on
of
the
budge
t
planni
ng
of
logi
sti
c
s
throu
gh
part
icipator
y
approac
he
s.
T
his
type
of
re
s
e
arch
is
used
that
is
de
s
c
ript
ive
re
se
ar
c
h
w
it
h
quali
tat
ive
approac
h.
In
thi
s
re
se
arch,
t
he
de
term
inat
ion
of
an
inf
orme
r
is
an
inf
ormant
w
ho
part
icipa
te
direc
tl
y
in
the
pr
e
pa
rati
on
of
budge
t
planni
ng
throu
gh
part
icipator
y
approa
c
h.
Foc
us
re
se
ar
c
h
c
onduc
te
d
re
se
arch
e
r
c
o
v
e
ring
pr
oc
e
ss
and
output
of
draf
ti
ng
plann
i
ng
budge
t
logi
sti
c
s
by
approac
h
part
icipator
y
and
c
rit
e
ria
of
judgme
nt
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
ne
ss
p
lanni
ng.
T
his
re
se
arch
use
d
tec
hnique
data
w
it
h
int
e
rv
iew,
observ
ati
on
and
tri
angul
a
ti
on.
T
he
re
sult
show
e
d
proce
ss
of
the
planni
ng
budge
t
is
based
on
program
fi
x
e
d
the
hospi
tal
.
Output
that
re
sult
is
doc
ume
nts
that
ar
e
incorporated
by
the
passage
planni
ng
and
de
v
e
lopm
e
nt
.
Effec
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
logi
sti
c
planni
ng
is
done
by
hosp
it
al
based
on
asses
sm
e
nt
of
c
rit
e
ria
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
ne
ss
p
lanni
ng,
it
is
pe
rfor
me
d
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
bu
t
there
are
few
obst
a
c
les.
For
H
ospi
tal
s
ne
e
d
to
o
pti
mize
the
appli
c
ati
on
of
SI
M
RS
in
hospi
tal
s,
forme
d
a
sp
e
c
ial
hospi
tal
s
team
logi
sti
c
s,
and
the
re
c
ordi
ng
is
done
on
the
spec
ial
soft
w
are.
T
he
re
port
w
as
c
onduc
ted
by
discipl
ine
and data have
be
e
n
c
han
ge
s nee
ds co
nfi
rmati
on to r
e
lat
e
d fi
e
lds.