Literatur Review : Rapid Immunochromatography sebagai Metode Skrining Kanker Serviks Berbasis Deteksi Onkoprotein HPV pada Urin

Abstract

Cervical cancer still becomes the leading health problem, especially in developing countries. This cancer is the second most common cancer in Indonesian women. It is commonly caused by infection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18. It would show a better response to therapy if this cancer was detected earlier, but appropriate screening methods do not support this opportunity. Nowadays, pap smear and IVA are commonly used to detect cervical cancer, but they only recommend women who have had sexual intercourse. Both of them also require medical expertise, and pap smear is a high cost. Based on this problem, this paper describes a novel method for cervical cancer screening by using a rapid immunochromatography kit, which is more applicable, noninvasive, and affordable. This paper was a literature review (library research). Data obtained through the search engine using keywords: "Cervical Cancer," "HPV," "Urine," "Screening," "Lateral flow test," and "Rapid immunochromatography." The references were taken from reliable journals in the range of 2009 to 2019. Data was also taken from textbooks and the health institution official sites which support the analysis. This method detects the presence of oncoprotein E6 & E7 of HPV-16 and HPV-18 in urine using the antigen-antibody binding principle. The sensitivity and specificity test was done by comparing the kit’s result with pap smear tests as a standard screening method and PCR HPV test on urine samples. We conclude that with further protocol development and standardization to achieve clinical sensitivity, this kit is a solution for noninvasive detection of high-risk cervical cancer so that treatment can be done immediately. The mortality rate due to cervical cancer can be reduced as much as possible.