CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE NEGOTIATORS’ LANGUAGE THROUGH THE INFRINGEMENT OF GRICEAN COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE IN THE MOVIE THE NEGOTIATOR

Abstract

This study had purposes to see the types of infringement in Gricean Cooperative Principle the negotiators commit in the movie The Negotiator as well as to disclose the meaning conveyed behind the infringement. This study was expected to bring new enlightenment toward the Discourse Analysis in English education students‟ perspective, either as teachers or workers in another English-related occupation in the future ahead. The design of this study was Critical Discourse Analysis which tried to see deeper into a certain phenomenon occurs, in this case the infringement of Gricean Cooperative Principle in an American movie The Negotiator. The high language ability of the negotiators in the movie often makes them manipulate language in certain way which creates the occurrence of the infringement. Documentary method was applied to collect the data from the text script of the movie. The data collection covered the search of the negotiators‟ indicated utterances where the infringements are expected to happen. The data then analyzed using descriptive method where Pragmatic approach and Gricean theory of the infringement of Cooperative Principle used. Pragmatic approach was applied to see the context of the scenes which covers the addressor, the addressee, the audience/overhearer, the topic, the setting, the channel, the code, the message form, event, key, and the purpose. And later, Gricean theory was used to identify which infringement occurred and what meaning might be implied from the infringement. The result of the analysis showed two crucial points. Firstly, the negotiators in their language commit all the forms of infringement of Gricean Cooperative Principle including flout, violation, opt out and clash. Roman infringes Gricean Cooperative Principle in the forms of flout, violation, and opt out, while Sabian commits the infringements in the forms of flout, violation and clash. Both negotiators mostly infringe the principle by violating maxims, it is seen either from Roman‟s side or Sabian‟s. Many times, they lie on things they are dealing with. Secondly, because the negotiators often commit violation, they convey different meaning of the words spoken. Their utterances often indicate the opposite meaning of the words they speak. From this study, there were two things that could be concluded. Firstly, the negotiators in the movie committed all the four types of infringement of Gricean Cooperative Principle, mostly are violations. Secondly, there are steps to be taken to reveal the meaning behind the infringement committed: Firstly, indicating what infringement is committed on what maxim in the utterance. Secondly, finding the evidence to prove why that infringement is believed to be done. And thirdly, revealing the meaning behind the infringement by looking at the effect of the utterance spoken on the speaker, hearer, overhearer and the environment surrounds. 1 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the foundation of the research including the background of the research, problems of the research, objectives of the research and the significances of the research. Background of the research works as the rationale of the research, problems of the research present some questions which need answers, objectives of the research reveal the goals needed to achieve by this research and the significances show how this research gives advantages to the readers. 1.1 Background of the Research There are two main reasons laid for this research. The reasons can be seen from two different points: the English department students‟ perspective, and the trainee teachers‟ perspective. Firstly, from the English department students‟ perspective, I often see some or even most of my friends find difficulty in using English in certain context of daily talk. Some of them are too shy, some are afraid of doing mistake, and some are too much concerned on how to understand an English context. The reality comes to me as I try to understand what is happening with my friends on the issue. From my observation, I see that they can actually use language with interesting style of communication. They do not just use an ordinary style of communication. See one example as I once observed my friends‟ conversation in their mother tongue: Husnul : “Ben, mak cek kerene sepatune awakmu! Piro regane?” (How cool your shoes are, Ben! How much is it?) Beni : “Gak sampek ngedol omah kok Nul!” (I don‟t even need to sell my house Nul!) (Based on preliminary observation in 2012)